Acceleration of solar energetic particles: the case of solar (ares

Solar energetic particles are believed to originate from two di*erent sources, solar (ares and coronal mass ejections. These two sources are the most energetic particle accelerators in the heliosphere, as they can accelerate electrons from 10 keV to a few MeV and protons from a few MeV to a few GeV. In this contribution, we restrict our presentation to the case of solar (ares, by reviewing the key observations of solar energetic particles, as well as the theoretical acceleration models, such as wave– particle acceleration, DC electric 3elds, and shock acceleration. Finally, we present a new theoretical approach connecting the acceleration with the energy release during solar (ares, which might lead to a global modeling of solar (are energetics. c © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.